We Do Trust Each Other

-Take My Word for It

我们的确相互信任——相信我吧

Whom can you trust these days? It is a question posed by David Halpern of Cambridge University, and the researchers at the Downing Street Strategy Unit who take an interest in "social capital". At intervals they go around asking people in assorted1 nations the question: "Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted?"

The results are fascinating. The conclusion that leaps from the figures and into sensational headlines is that social dislocation2, religious decline, public scandals, family fragmentation and the fear of crime have made us less trusting. Comparative surveys over 40 years suggest that British trustfulness has halved: in the 1950s 60 per cent of us answered "yes, most people can be trusted", in the 1980s 44 per cent, today only 29 per cent. Trust levels also continue to fall in Ireland and the US -meanwhile, the Norwegians, Swedes, Danes and Dutch express tremendous confidence in one another's probity3: levels are actually rising. In Mexico and Japan the level of trust is also increasing, which is interesting if mildly baffling. And the Palme d'Orr4 for paranoid5 mutual suspicion goes to the Brazilians -with less than 3 per cent replying "yes" -and the Turks with 6.5 per cent. The French, apparently, never trusted one another and still don't. So we become less Scandinavian and more French (or Turkish) every year.

Regarding Britain, the obvious conclusions are being drawn. Mr Halpern and others cite reasons why we appear less trustful: the demise of the job-for-life culture, rising divorce, physical mobility, higher immigration, an aggressive commercial ethic and the new isolation of mass media. "You use your wealth to free yourself of the inconvenience of other people," says Halpern. "You ensure you have your own house, and you don't even have to watch TV with your family because you have five TVs."

All of that makes sense; so does the observation about damage to social cohesion caused by the miners'strike, the food scandals and the pensions and endowment collapses which made us view the finance industry with a sour eye. Also, we have a large gap between rich and poor and a racially mixed society: some say that superior welfare and homogeneous populations in Scandinavia produce a higher "happiness index", hence trust.

This is useful research, but there are a few caveats6. The trouble is that you may not get a very thoughtful answer if you merely ask -as they did last year -whether "generally speaking, most people can be trusted". For the British like to think of themselves as canny, savvy, nobody's fools.7 We have a powerful culture of satire and a hypercritical media which gleefully splash news of every private and public betrayal, however trivial. In our fantasy life we court paranoia, lapping up8 crime thrillers and spy novels. We are fascinated by rogues, from Chaucer's Pardoner to Del Boy.9 We are bad at risk-assessment, and repeated surveys show that we fear crime far more than is justified.

So we are conditioned to claim that we don't trust people much. A Scandinavian or Dutchman is proud to express trust and affection for his fellow-man (I have just been sailing on a Dutch ship for a fortnight and the prevailing open-heartedness makes any Briton feel like Scrooge10). Our national preference is to purse the lips, shake the head and affect an air of judicious canniness11.

But if you look at the actual daily workings of British society there is an astonishing degree of unquestioning trust of strangers, simply because we are a technological society. These respondents who tell the researchers that "generally speaking, people cannot be trusted" are in fact blithely12 trusting distant strangers all day long. Every time you get on a train or plane you put your life into the hands of unseen engineers and designers, drivers, pilots and traffic controllers. When you give a password to a bank call centre you are displaying trust; tapping your credit-card number on to an internet site, you affirm the rectitude13 of a company you have never seen, and rely on the conscientiousness of distant software designers.

The list of our trustful ways goes on and on, distancing us from the primitive peasant suspicion that keeps gold and a shotgun beneath the mattress. We crowd into cinemas and clubs, and eat unidentifiable burgers and ready-meals by the megaton14. We know there are pitfalls -consumer programmes tell us so -but maybe the very reason for our proliferation of consumer journalism is that we are so trustful and contented. Twenty minutes' contemplation of the simple scams15 uncovered by the BBC Watchdog16 should suggest that rather than living in a state of constant suspicion, in many areas of life we are relaxed to the point of gullibility17.

But ask the bald question18, and we think immediately about those who publicly let us down: politicians who broke election promises, pension funds that jeopardised our future while their directors swanned off with bonuses, stars who turned sleazy.19 We don't want to look like fools, so we say no; but then return to our lamb-like faith that everything is OK really. Look around at your local leisure centre this week, and observe how many people don't bother with a locker key. In all but the sharpest neighbourhoods, it'll be a surprising proportion.

This is not entirely healthy. What we say will, in the end, become what we think. US evidence is denser than ours, but broadly speaking it is clear that trust is linked to "social capital" -networks, alliances, local societies, anything that takes people out into common spaces. Churches, clubs, charities and community colleges do obvious good. Commuting and long working hours do palpable20 harm, and so do bad town-planning and poor policing. The mass migration of women out of the home and neighbourhood into jobs hasn't helped either. Short-contract culture kills the old workplace clubs.

There is much discussion in the English-speaking nations about how to "rebuild" social capital, with ideas ranging from "citizenship education" to pedestrianisa-tion21 and arts; but I was glad to see that the 2002 report was extremely cautious about the ability of policy-makers to change things. The last thing we need is nagging22. I also much enjoyed its worried little digression into the negative side of social capital -old-boy networks23, micro-communities that exclude outsiders, ethnic ghettos, and so forth.

Mr Halpern's book will come to more informed conclusions than I can; but my own instinct, from the research and from observation, is to draw only two. First, we're not quite as cynical as we say we are, and nothing like as cynical as our media. Secondly, the worst crisis of trust is not actually between citizens, but between citizens and their government and institutions. The remedy for that is in the hands of politicians, who ought to police their own ambition and greed and that of their corporate friends24. Interference from the top is a lousy25 idea. Example from the top would be much better.

1. assorted: 各种各样的。

2. social dislocation: 社会混乱。

3. probity: 德行,正直。

4. Palme d'Or: “金棕榈奖”,为成立于1939年的戛纳电影节的最高奖项,得奖作品为最佳影片,象征了导演的最高荣誉,电影节上其他奖项还有“评委会特别奖”及“最佳导演”等个人奖。

5. paranoid: 有妄想狂倾向的,多疑的。名词形式为paranoia,“偏执狂,多妄想狂”。

6. caveat: (为防止误解而作的)解释。

7. canny, savvy, nobody's fools: 精明、有见识、不会轻易上当受骗。

8. lap up: <口>爱看。

9. Pardoner: 忏悔者,这里指英国文艺复兴时期著名作家乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》里的人物;Del Boy: 是20世纪90年代备受关注的电视喜剧片“Only Fools and Horses”中的主人公,是一个讨人喜欢的伦敦流氓。

10. Scrooge: 英国作家狄更斯小说A Christmas Carol(《圣诞颂歌》)里的人物,是个令人憎恶的老吝啬鬼。

11. judicious canniness: 机智精明。

12. blithely: 漫不经心地。

13. rectitude: 公正,值得信赖。

14. megaton: 百万吨。

15. scam: 骗局, 欺诈。

16. BBC Watchdog: 英国广播公司“监察”节目,是一档关于消费者事务的节目,采取多种形式对电视观众进行民意调查。

17. gullibility: 易受骗,易上当。

18. bald question:一个不加掩饰的问题,即直率的问题。

19. swan off: (像天鹅般)到处走动,漂游;sleazy: 低级庸俗的。

20. palpable: 明显的,可感知的。

21. pedestrianisation: (街道等)成为行人专用区。

22. nag: 一味抱怨,指责不休。

23. old-boy network: <英口>老同学关系网。

24. corporate friends: 商界朋友。

25. lousy: 糟糕的,蹩脚的。

这年头,你能信任谁呢?这是剑桥 大学的大卫·哈尔朋和关注“社会资本”的唐宁街战略小组的研究人员们共同提出的一个问题。每隔一段时间他们向世界不同国家的人们提出这个问题:“总的来说,您是否认为大部分人是可以信任的呢?”

结果很有意思。从统计数字得出的结论是:社会混乱、宗教衰落、公众丑闻、家庭破裂以及对犯罪的恐惧使得我们不那么信任他人了,这成了引起轰动的头条新闻。对40年来类似的调查进行的比较研究表明,英国人对他人的信任度降低了一半:20世纪50年代,我们中60%的人回答“对,大部分人可以信任”;80年代持肯定答案的人减少到了44%,而如今只有29%。在爱尔兰和美国,信任度也在持续下降;而与此同时,挪威人、瑞典人、丹麦人、荷兰人却对相互间的正直诚实表现出极大的信心,他们的信任水平在上升。在墨西哥和日本,人与人间的信任度也在提高,这一现象虽然有些难以理解,倒也很有意思。相互猜忌的多疑金棕榈奖非巴西人和土耳其人莫属。对上述问题持肯定答案的,前者还不足3%,后者也仅有6.5%。 法国人显然从未相互信任过,现在也依旧如此。这样看来,我们一年年地越来越不像斯堪的纳维亚人,而越来越法国(或者土耳其)化了。

来看看英国,结论是很明显的。哈尔朋先生和其他调查人员列举了一些原因,解释我们为什么显得不再那么相互信任:终生工作观念的覆灭、离婚率的上升、生活的流动性、移民的增加、咄咄逼人的商业行为准则、大众传媒造成的新的孤立隔绝。“你用财富来摆脱其他人带来的不便,”哈尔朋说,“你确保有自己的房子,而且,因为有五台电视机,你连电视都不必同家人一起看。”

上述一切都言之成理;而认为矿工罢工、食品丑闻、令人对金融业冷眼相看的养老金和捐赠基金崩溃等现象损害了社会凝聚力的说法也同样言之成理。此外的其他原因还有贫富悬殊,社会构成种族混杂:因此有人认为,斯堪的纳维亚地区优越的社会福利和人口的单一性造就了那里较高的“幸福指数”,信任也就随之而来。

这项调查的确是有益的,但是也需做些说明。问题在于如果像去年那样,调查时只不过问问是否“总的来说,大部分人是可以信任的”,得到的也许就是一个随意的未经深思熟虑的回答,因为英国人个个认为自己机智精明,不会轻易上当受骗。我们的文化对讽刺艺术情有独钟,媒体吹毛求疵,不放过涉及私人、公众的任何一桩欺骗背叛,即使再微不足道,也要极尽能事大肆宣传,并以此为乐。在我们的幻想世界里,我们喜好多疑,爱看描写犯罪的惊险故事和间谍小说。从乔叟笔下的忏悔者到热播喜剧中的人物德尔小子,这些流氓无赖无一不让我们心向往之。我们并不善于准确判断风险,一次次的调查表明,我们对于犯罪行为的恐惧大大超出了正常范围。

所以,我们习惯性地声称自己不大信任他人。斯堪的纳维亚人或荷兰人乐于对他人表示信任友爱,并引以为豪(我刚刚乘一艘荷兰轮船航行了两个星期,荷兰人普遍都非常坦率诚恳,让英国人个个显得像吝啬鬼)。而我们英国人更喜欢噘着嘴摇着头,假装机智精明。

然而看看英国社会每天实际发生的事情。实际上,人们对陌生人绝对信任,其程度之高令人惊诧,而这仅仅因为我们生活在一个科技社会。有些受访者告诉调查者“总的来说,不能相信别人”,但实际上,他们整天都不经意地信任着那些远方的陌生人。每次搭乘火车或飞机,你都等于将生命交到了那些素昧平生的工程师、设计师、司机、飞行员、交通管制员的手里。你将密码告知银行的电话服务中心时,就是在表示信任;你将信用卡号输入某个互联网网站时,就是在肯定这家从未打过交道的公司正直诚实,信任那些软件设计者的良心。

我们表达信任的方式数不胜数,早就超越了农民们在床垫下藏金子掖手枪的原始阶段。我们涌进电影院、俱乐部,吃下数以百万吨计优劣无法鉴别的汉堡和即食饭。我们知道其中必然有诈,消费者节目便是这么说的。然而关乎消费者的新闻报道数量激增也许正是由于我们信任有加,心满意足。花20分钟想想英国广播公司“监察”节目揭露的那些欺骗消费者的伎俩,就会发现,大家并没有一直生活在怀疑之中;相反,在生活的很多方面,我们松懈到了轻信的地步。

但是问起这个直率的问题,我们立刻想到了那些公然让我们大失所望的人们:违背竞选诺言的政客;使我们的未来岌岌可危、而管理者却拿了红利四处旅行的那些养老基金;变得庸俗低劣的明星们。我们因为不想让自己显得像个傻瓜而说“不”;但转而又像羔羊般相信其实万事大吉。只要本周去社区休闲中心看看有多少人不愿费事锁上更衣柜,就知道我的话没错。除了在警戒心极强的社区之外,不上锁的比例之大,简直让人吃惊。

这种心态并不十分健康。我们的言论终将成为我们的思想,能证明这一点的事实美国比我们英国更多。不过广义地说,信任显然是与“社会资本”相互关联的,社会资本包括各种网络、联盟、地方社团等等把人引入共有空间的任何东西。教堂、俱乐部、慈善团体、社区大学起到的积极作用非常显著。通勤和工时过长造成的危害显而易见,糟糕的城市规划和治安同样贻害不小。大批女性走出家庭和社区迈向工作岗位也没有助益。短期雇用合同也断送了旧的工作场所俱乐部。

关于各英语民族怎样“重建”社会资本,有人建议进行“公民责权教育”,有人建议建步行街、运用艺术等等,众说纷纭,不一而足。但是我很高兴地看到,2002年的那份报告在涉及决策者的改革能力时非常谨慎。我们最不需要的就是指责抱怨。报告中有一部分对老同学关系网、排斥外来者的小社区、少数民族聚居区等等社会资本的负面问题表示了担忧,这虽然有些偏离主题,可我也很欣赏。

哈尔朋先生书中的结论会比我的更有见地;但通过上述的调研和自己的观察,我本能地得出两个结论:第一,我们并没有像自己所称的那么愤世嫉俗,当然更不像媒体那样冷嘲热讽;第二,信任的最大危机并不在民众之间,而存在于民众与政府、民众与各种公共机构之间。补救办法则掌握在各位政客手中,他们应该控制一下自己和他们的商界朋友的野心与贪欲。自上而下的干预令人生厌,自上而下的表率会更有效。

阅读感评

上文说,一位剑桥大学教师与英国首相府战略小组的研究员,在世界不同国家做了调查。他们提的问题只有一个:Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted?得出的结论是人们对他人的信任度降低了。原因是“社会混乱、宗教衰落、公众丑闻、家庭破裂以及对犯罪的恐惧”。他们的统计还显示,英国人对以上问题作出肯定回答的只有29%,半个世纪以来下滑了一半多。个中原因是:“终生工作观念的覆灭、离婚率的上升、生活的流动性、移民的增加、咄咄逼人的商业行为准则、大众传媒造成的新的孤立隔绝”。最近的影响是“矿工罢工、食品丑闻、令人对金融业冷眼相看的养老金和捐赠基金崩溃等现象损害了社会凝聚力”,贫富悬殊,种族混杂。但文章作者认为实际情况并非完全如此。她说,在这个技术化的社会,英国人对陌生人的信任度“程度之高令人惊诧”,如搭乘火车、飞机和飞行员,把自己的生命交付给完全陌生的司机,把自己的信用卡号或密码告知银行或网络公司,在外吃来路不明的快餐,甚至公共场合的衣柜箱不上锁等等。作者最后指出,其实人们真正不信赖的是那些公众人物,如政治家、基金管理者、明星等。这些“社会资本”的主要经营者已到了破产的边缘,而美国的情况尤其如此。因此,更严重的信任危机不存在于民众之间,而在于民众与政府及其机构之间。重建“社会资本”的任务自然落在政治家的肩上。他们应该约束自己及其商界朋友的野心和贪欲,给社会作出表率。

我认为文章作者的观点很有见地。当前世界上最大的信任危机不就是美英国家与政府首脑误导民众吗?他们为了获得公众舆论支持攻打伊拉克,不惜散布耸人听闻的假情报,不仅说有确凿证据证明伊拉克拥有大规模杀伤性武器(Weapons of Mass Destruction),而且说萨达姆从非洲进口铀制造原子弹。据悉,布莱尔的情报抄袭自一份学生的作业,而布什煞有介事的“国情咨文”已有中情局出面承担情报“不准确”的责任。两位首脑现在均装出一副清白无辜的模样。还是他们本国的媒体一语道破:他们在伊拉克永远找不到“大规模杀伤性武器”,那不过是布什的Weapons of Mass Deception(“大规模欺骗性武器”)。开战前就有人要求把这些所谓的“确凿证据”公诸于众,但美方以各种理由推脱,布什还振振有辞地说:没有一个国家能说萨达姆已解除武装。布莱尔更是把萨达姆向世人承认自己拥有生化武器作为外交努力的先决条件。英国国内民意调查显示,有54%的民众称不再相信布莱尔。

当今西方公众人物的谎言和丑闻大多由新闻媒体曝光。但我们也要认识到,新闻媒体本身也在制造谎言。就以今年美国第一大报《纽约时报》(The New York Times)为例吧。先说稍早一点的。该报雇了个27岁的实习记者,名叫Jayson Blair,年纪轻轻就知道以小说笔法来写新闻报道,连续为该报炮制了十几篇feature stories(专题报道), 以其勤勉和多产深得上司赏识。但据查,其中的所谓“现场目击”、“据可靠消息”或“据消息灵通人士”而来的新闻事实竟全属伪造。再就是,美军攻打伊拉克期间,美国女兵林奇(Lynch)的被俘和美军黑豹特种部队的成功营救,据称是美军自“二战”以来最引以为荣的英雄主义“壮举”。而最先高唱赞歌的就是这份The New York Times。现在真相终于露出水面: 林奇根本没有“奋起反击”,而是自己不慎掉进了沟里,被伊拉克人抬进了医院;美国的“黑豹”们也没有以一挡百、冲入重兵把守的敌阵。这些适合好莱坞大片的情节,不过是又一个记者编织的“传奇”罢了。美国公众又一次被愚弄了,而英国人恐怕也很难做到“nobody誷 fools”。

新闻记者编造谎言一般是为了获得轰动效应,这本是小报(tabloid)惯用的伎俩,大报大都不屑去做。但这个界限在媒体竞争异常激烈的今天看来已不复存在。巴金的《随想录》有多篇呼吁“说真话,至少不说假话”。著名演员赵丹临死前躺在病床上说:我终于讲出了真话,因为我现在已无所畏惧!看来,讲真话有时是要付出生命代价的。当然,回报也是珍贵的,那就是信赖!

西方有句俗语说,叫商人讲真话,比让骆驼穿针眼还难。看来,这个范围至少要扩大到当今的政治家。布什总统说“The misdeeds of Enron, WorldCom (为美国两大公司,去年曾因财务丑闻受到美国国会质询和司法调查——本文作者注) and the rest are ethical lapses of a few bad actors...”,我认为他是把问题看轻了。现在的情况是,许多行政机构和商业产业整体腐败,因此将几个人“绳之以法”几乎是无济于事。

如此说来,这个世界确实很不完美,甚至还有些邪恶,但这些毕竟都是“hard facts”。当然,这个时代再提什么“事实”或“真理”至少在理论上已经过时。当今社会不是在鼓励“灵活性和开放意识”(flexibility and openness)吗?现在不少西方文论家不是把“相对主义”奉为绝对真理吗?结果这里就出现一个悖论:既然没有客观真理(objective truth),大家都避免谈权威和标准,那还说什么要摆事实讲真话呢?凭什么说人作假呢?法国当代的理论家说“事实是一串漂游着的符号”、“历史(History)无非是讲述者(His)的故事(Story)”。在这样的舆论大气候之下,我揣测,像布什、布莱尔、Enron和 WorldCom总裁之流、Jayson Blair之辈也许会底气十足地说:There's no need to argue and there's no need to cling to those unpleasant ideas now that the truth is indeterminate and reality is only a state of mind. 看来,当今一些名人闻人放心胡来,让所谓的“社会资本”严重流失乃至整个社会陷入信任危机,是有一定的理论土壤的。