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Lie Detectors Have Become
Pervasive
谎话还能说多久? 形影不离的测谎与说谎，总是道高一尺魔高一丈。测谎仪器的日益普及和更新换代说明了其市场前景极其乐观。看样子，谎话不仅会继续说下去，没准儿还会越说越大，越说越花哨。 "Lie detectors," those controversial assessors（注1） of truth, are making theirway into everyday life. Insurance companies use them to help catch people filing fraudulent claims.（注2） Suspicious spouses use hand-held versions to judge whether their significant others are cheating. Interrogators for the U.S. government use them to double-check analyses of who might be terrorist. Polygraphs, which have been used for decades, have been joined by new systems that purportedly analyze a person's voice, blush, pupil size and even brain waves for signs of deception.（注3） The devices range from costly experimental devices that use strings of electrodes or thermal imaging to $19.95 palm-sized versions.（注4） No studies have ever proven that lie detectors work. Many show that they assess truth as accurately as a coin flip（注5）; in other words, not at all. Still, some people have come to depend on them. "It helps me to live in a world of reality," said Saul, 36, a Manhattan residentwho bought the $3,000 device from a local spy shop. The recent proliferation of lie detectors has reignited a decades-old debate over the ethics and politics of when and how they should be used and whether such important questions as guilt or innocence should be left to machines.（注6）Mankind has looked for centuries for a physical indicator that would expose a liar. The Romans studied the entrails（注7） of suspected liars. In China, rice was shoved into the mouths of interviewees to measure how dry they were ?nbsp;the drier the mouth, the more likely the person was lying, it was thought. Other cultures tried various chemical concoctions, but they worked no better than chance.（注8） Especially since Sept. 11, law enforcement agencies（注9） consider lie detection systems critical to their investigations. The CIA, FBI and Defense Department have spent millions of dollars on them. In an unusual plea made soon after the terrorist attacks, the government asked for the public's help in building counterter rorism technologies, among them a portable（注10） polygraph. In the United States, there is a double standard when it comes to the use of polygraphs. Although the so-called lie detector is considered an important law enforcement tool, polygraph data are inadmissible as evidence in a court of law.（注11） The U.S. Supreme Court forbade private companies from using them to screen jobapplicants, but allowed the government to use them for the same purpose. As debate about polygraphs rages, the devices are being phased out in favor of voice analyzers（注12）, which are more portable and easier to use. A voice analyzer device typically consists of a telephone and microphone attached to a computer that packs neatly in a briefcase, or attached to any PC with the proper software installed. Most of the analyzers can be used in person or over the phone. Conversations can be tested in real time or recorded for later analysis. First, the questioner asks an interviewee about something he or she would have no reason to lie about, such as,"When's your birthday?" Then he asks what he really wants to ask. The device makes an assessment about whether the subject is telling the truth based on the differences between the inaudible microtremors in the voice（注13） during the first round of questioning and those in the second. The federal government officially says it does not use these voice lie detectors. Still, the voice technology has its true believers, among them more than 1,200 police departments nationwide, traveler's check issuers, and tens of thousands ofconsumers. Banks in the Netherlands concerned about money laundering and embezzlement, and retailers in Canada worried about diverted shipments are among those using the technology without their customers' knowledge.（注14） High-end professional models（注15） can go as high as $20,000.The slightly more sophisticated Truster software program that runs on a desktop computer give text rating of truthfulness. The companies that market these technologies say they are more than 80 percent accurate. Though skeptical, Rick Garloff, a 35-year-old American, still said even if the systems are not great lie detectors, they are wonderful lie deterrents（注16）. He once used the Truster on his 9-year-old
son, to see if he had forgotten to close a door, accidentally letting
the dog in. The dog tracked dirt all over the floor（注17） and knocked
over furniture. His son claimed no. But the lie detection system said
yes. When confronted, his son confessed. |