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Tribal Peoples

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Worries1 about the future of tribal peoples2 are in many ways a continuation of what has been going on for a very long time3. Individual peoples4 have always been massacred, enslaved or deprived of their freedom-think of5 the peoples under the Aztecs6, or the tribal peoples of India. Pressures7 on tribal peoples are not intrinsically related to modernity8 or capitalism.

¡¡¡¡Attempts to look after9 tribal peoples are also relatively old10. Groups such as the Aborigines11 Protection Society or the Anti-Slavery Association date back to12 the last century. But what is new today is the scale and speed13 of expansion into14 areas inhabited by aboriginal peoples. Most tribal peoples survive15 in areas which traditionally have been marginal to16 business-the Arctic, the desert, tropical forests. It is their bad luck17 that in many cases these are unexploited mineral-rich regions, that are now coming under pressure18.

¡¡¡¡Another development is the move away from19 paternalistic20 protection. The 1960s, when the pressures21 on the tribal peoples of Amazonia22 first came to public attention, was a period of liberal thinking. People were shocked, groups like Survival International23 were set up, and there was a feeling24 that tribal peoples would disappear unless we in the West did something about it -we, the very people who were creating the pressures in the first place25!

¡¡¡¡Now the weight26 has shifted from westerners trying to look after tribal peoples to tribal peoples being given the power27 to look after themselves.

¡¡¡¡There are a few uncontactable groups living in Amazonia, and for them I fear the chances of survival are pretty slim28. However, the vast majority of what we call tribal peoples are not living in pristine29, isolated environments and cultures but instead are politicized groups working in conjunction with30 international organizations, and with individual31 rights in their own countries. Examples might be the Inuit32 in Alaska or the Kayapo33 in Amazonia. The population of many such groups is now actually increasing.

¡¡¡¡If when we talk of tribal peoples we mean groups as they were hundreds of years ago, then they've all disappeared. They live in changing societies. If we mean the tribal peoples of the 1930s, then it is true that many of them have been wiped off the face of the earth. But those who have survived may be in a stronger position34 now. They have better land rights, medical services, education and political representation35.
The one long-term problem may be the sting in the tail36 associated with giving peoples rights based on ethnic and cultural identity37. In South America, for example, we're seeing an increasing fragmentation of peoples38 as they seek to create separate identities in order to increase their funding prospects39 and their basic rights.

¡¡¡¡Some would call it a Balkanization40. And we know where that leads.

(From CAM : Cambridge Alumni Magazine, No. 28, 1999)

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1. Worries...continuation: Ö±Òë"¶Ô¡­¡­µÄµ£ÓÇÊÇ¡­¡­µÄ¼ÌÐø"²»Ò×Àí½â¡£Worries about...µÄǰÌáÊÇ'ÓÐÈ˵£ÓÇ¡­¡­'¡£ ÕâÀï²»·ÁÒë³É"¡­¡­ÁîÈ˵£ÓÇ"¡£Ö®ËùÒÔÓе£ÓÇ£¬ÊÇÒòΪÓÐÎÊÌ⣬ËùÒÔÔÚ"¡­¡­ÁîÈ˵£ÓÇ"Ö®ºó£¬²»·ÁÁíÆðÒ»¾ä£¬Ìí¼Ó"ËûÃǵÄÎÊÌâ"×÷ΪÖ÷Óï¡£
2. tribal peoples: ÕâÀïµÄpeopleÓ¦µ±°´'Ãñ×å'Àí½â£¬tribal people¼´"²¿ÂäÃñ×å"»ò"²¿×å"¡£
3. what...a long time: ¼ÈÈ»ÖÐÎĵÄÖ÷ÓïÊÇ"ËûÃǵÄÎÊÌâ"£¬what has been going on for a long time¾Í¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"³¤ÆÚÀúÊ·ÎÊÌâ"¡£
4. individual: ÓÉÓÚºóÃæµÄÖÐÐÄ´ÊÊǸ´Êý£¬ÕâÀïÈç¹ûÒë³É'¸ö±ðµÄ'»ò'µ¥¶ÀµÄ'£¬»áÆ«ÀëÔ­ÎÄÒâ˼¡£²»ÈçÒë³É"Ò»¸ö¸ö"¡£
5. think of: ÓÃÓÚ¾ÙÀýµÄ·ÇÕý¹æËµ·¨£¬¿ÉÒë³É"ÀýÈç¡­¡­"»ò"¡­¡­¾ÍÊÇÀýÖ¤"¡£
6. under the Aztecs: ÔÚ°¢×ÈÌØ¿ËÈËͳÖÎÏ¡£°¢×ÈÌØ¿ËÈËÊÇÄ«Î÷¸çÓ¡µÚ°²È˵ÄÒ»Ö§£¬ÎÄ»¯¸ß¶È·¢´ï£¬Ô¼×Ô¹«Ôª1200ÄêÆðÔÚÄ«Î÷¸çÖв¿½¨Á¢µÛ¹ú£¬1521ÄêΪÎ÷°àÑÀÖ³ÃñÕßÕ÷·þ¡£
7. pressures: ´ÓÉÏÏÂÎÄ¿´£¬ÕâÀï¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"ѹÆÈ"¡£
8. modernity: ÕâÀïÒë³É³éÏóµÄ"ÏÖ´úÐÔ"»ò"ÏÖ´ú״̬"¶¼²»Ç¡µ±£¬×îºÃ»¹ÊÇÒë³É¾ßÌåµÄ"ÏÖ´úÉç»á"¡£
9. look after: ÕÕ¿´£¬ÕÕÁÏ¡£´ÓÏÂÎĵÄprotection¿´£¬ÕâÀï¿ÉÒÔÀí½âΪ"±£»¤"¡£
10. relatively old: '[ŬÁ¦]Ï൱ÀÏ'ÌýÆðÀ´±ðŤ£¬¿ÉÒë³É: "ÓÐÏ൱³¤µÄÀúÊ·"¡£
11. Aborigines: ÍÁÖøÈË¡£ÓÐÈËÈÏΪÕâ¸ö´Ê´øÓбáÒ壬Ӧ¸ÃÒë³É"ԭסÃñ"¡£
12. date back to: ×·Ëݵ½¡£ËµÒ»¸ö×é֯׷Ëݵ½Ä³Ò»Ê±ºò£¬Ò²¾ÍÊǸÃ×éÖ¯"£ÛÄÇʱ£ÝÒѾ­³ÉÁ¢ÁË"¡£
13. scale and speed: ÕâÀïµÄ'¹æÄ£ºÍËÙ¶È'ÊÇ˵"¹æÄ£´ó£¬ËÙ¶È¿ì"¡£
14. expansion into: Ïò¡­¡­ÀïµÄÀ©ÕÅ¡£ÕâÀï¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"²Ïʳ"¡£
15. survive: ÕâÀï"²Ð´æ"±È'´æ»î'»ò'ÐÒ´æ'¸ü׼ȷ¡£
16. marginal to: '¶Ô¡­¡­ÊDZßÔµÐÔµÄ'Ò²¾ÍÊÇ"Ô¶Àë¡­¡­"¡£
17. bad luck: ¶òÔË¡£
18. pressure: ÕâÀïµÄÒâ˼ÏÔÈ»²»ÊÇ'ѹÆÈ'¶øÊÇ'ѹÁ¦'¡£
19. the move away from: ÍÑÀë¡£Ò²¿ÉÒÔÀí½â³É'±÷Æú'¡£
20. paternalistic: Ñϸ¸Ê½µÄ£¬¼Ò³¤Ê½µÄ¡£
21. pressures: ÕâÀïÒë³É"ѹÆÈ"»ò"ѹÁ¦"ËÆºõ¶¼²»Ì«Ç¡µ±¡£Êµ¼ÊÇé¿öÊÇ£¬ÈÈ´øÓêÁÖÀïµÄһЩԭʼ²¿×åÃæ¶Ô"ÎÄÃ÷Éç»á"·¥Ä¾¡¢¿ª»ÄµÈ»î¶¯µÄ½ø±Æ£¬Íù´ÔÁÖÉî´¦½Ú½ÚºóÍË£¬´¦¾³Ô½À´Ô½Ôã¡£Òò´ËÕâÀïËÆ¿ÉÒë³É"±ÆÆÈ"¡£
22. Amazonia: ÑÇÂíÑ·ºÓÁ÷Óò¡£
23. Survival International: Ì×ÓÃCommunist International£¨¹²²ú¹ú¼Ê£©ºÍAmnesty International£¨´óÉâ¹ú¼Ê£©µÄÒë·¨£¬ÕâÀï¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"ÐÒ´æ¹ú¼Ê"¡£µ«²¢²»Ò»¶¨ËùÓÐÀàËÆ¸ñʽµÄÃû³Æ¶¼ÕâôÒ룬ÀýÈçHotel Imperial¾Í²»ÒËÒë³É"Âùݵ۹ú"£¬¶øÓ¦ÊÇ"µÛ¹úÂùÝ"¡£
24. there was a feeling: ÕâÀïµÄfeelingÖ¸'¿´·¨'£¬¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"µ±Ê±ÓÐÒ»ÖÖ¿´·¨"¡£
25. in the first place: Ò»¿ªÊ¼£¬±¾À´¡£
26. the weight: ÖØÈΣ¬Öص£¡£µ¥Ëµ"ÖØÈÎ"»ò"ÖØµ"ËÆºõÓÐЩͻأ£¬Ç°Ãæ²»·Á¼ÓÒ»¸öÐÞÊδÊ"ÀúÊ·µÄ"¡£
27. power: ÕâÀïµÄÒâ˼Ӧµ±ÊÇ"ȨÁ¦"¡£
28. chances ... slim: ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¼«Ð¡¡£
29. pristine: ԭʼµÄ¡£
30. in conjunction with: Óë¡­¡­Ð­Á¦£¯ºÏ×÷¡£
31. individual: ÓÉÓÚÖ÷ÓïÊÇthe vast majority of...tribal peoples£¨²¿×åÖеľø´ó¶àÊý£©£¬ÕâÀïindividualµÄÒâ˼ÈÔÈ»²»ÊÇ'¸öÈ˵Ä'£¬¶øÊÇ"¸÷×ÔµÄ"¡£
32. the Inuit: ÒÁŬÒÁÌØÈË¡£ÕâÊǸöÕþÖÎÉÏÕýÈ·µÄÃû³Æ£¬¹ýÈ¥ÈËÃǰÑÕâ¸öÃñ×å³ÆÎªEskimos£¨°®Ë¹»ùĦÈË£©£¬¿ÉÊǸÃÃñ×å×Ô³ÆInuit£¬²»Ô¸±»È˳ÆÎªEskimos¡£
33. the Kayapo: ¿¨ÑDz¨ÈË¡£
34. in a stronger position: ´¦ÓÚ¸üÇ¿µÄµØÎ»¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ"µØÎ»±È¹ýÈ¥ÎȹÌ"¡£
35. political representation: ÕþÖδúÒé¡£ÕâÀïÖ¸"²ÎÕþȨ"¡£
36. the sting in the tail: ÒâÏë²»µ½µÄ²»Á¼ºó¹û¡£´Ë´¦¿ÉÒëΪ"¶¾¹û"¡£
37. associated...identity: ÕâÊǸöºóÖö¨ÓÓÉÓڱȽϳ¤£¬Ö±Òë³ÉÖÐÎ͍Óﲻ̫·½±ã¡£²»Èç°´ÕÕÔ­Îı¾ÉíµÄÂß¼­ÓïÒå¹ØÏµ£¬°Ñgiving...identityµ±×÷Ö÷ÓïÀ´Ò룬°Ñassociated withÒë³Éν´Ê'½á³ö'£¬°Ñthe sting in the tailÒë³É±öÓï¡£
38. fragmentation of peoples: Ãñ×å·Ö»¯¡£
39. increase their funding prospects: Ôö¼Ó²¦¿îµÄ¿ÉÄÜ¡£¼´"µÃµ½¸ü¶àµÄ²¦¿î"¡£
40. Balkanization/;b0:lk2nai#zei12n/: °Í¶û¸É»¯¡£Òâ˼ÊÇ·ÖÁѳÉÈô¸ÉµÐ¶ÔµÄСÃñ×å¡£