Tribal Peoples
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Worries1
about the future of tribal peoples2 are in
many ways a continuation of what has been going on for a very long time3.
Individual peoples4 have always been massacred,
enslaved or deprived of their freedom-think of5
the peoples under the Aztecs6, or the tribal
peoples of India. Pressures7 on tribal peoples
are not intrinsically related to modernity8
or capitalism.
¡¡¡¡Attempts to look after9 tribal peoples are
also relatively old10. Groups such as the Aborigines11
Protection Society or the Anti-Slavery Association date back to12
the last century. But what is new today is the scale and speed13
of expansion into14 areas inhabited by aboriginal
peoples. Most tribal peoples survive15 in areas
which traditionally have been marginal to16
business-the Arctic, the desert, tropical forests. It is their bad luck17
that in many cases these are unexploited mineral-rich regions, that
are now coming under pressure18.
¡¡¡¡Another development is the move away from19
paternalistic20 protection. The 1960s, when
the pressures21 on the tribal peoples of Amazonia22
first came to public attention, was a period of liberal thinking. People
were shocked, groups like Survival International23
were set up, and there was a feeling24 that
tribal peoples would disappear unless we in the West did something about
it -we, the very people who were creating the pressures in the first
place25!
¡¡¡¡Now the weight26 has shifted from westerners
trying to look after tribal peoples to tribal peoples being given the
power27 to look after themselves.
¡¡¡¡There are a few uncontactable groups living in Amazonia, and for them
I fear the chances of survival are pretty slim28.
However, the vast majority of what we call tribal peoples are not living
in pristine29, isolated environments and cultures
but instead are politicized groups working in conjunction with30
international organizations, and with individual31
rights in their own countries. Examples might be the Inuit32
in Alaska or the Kayapo33 in Amazonia. The
population of many such groups is now actually increasing.
¡¡¡¡If when we talk of tribal peoples we mean groups as they were hundreds
of years ago, then they've all disappeared. They live in changing societies.
If we mean the tribal peoples of the 1930s, then it is true that many
of them have been wiped off the face of the earth. But those who have
survived may be in a stronger position34 now.
They have better land rights, medical services, education and political
representation35.
The one long-term problem may be the sting in the tail36
associated with giving peoples rights based on ethnic and cultural identity37.
In South America, for example, we're seeing an increasing fragmentation
of peoples38 as they seek to create separate
identities in order to increase their funding prospects39
and their basic rights.
¡¡¡¡Some would call it a Balkanization40. And
we know where that leads.
(From CAM : Cambridge Alumni Magazine,
No. 28, 1999)
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1.
Worries...continuation: Ö±Òë"¶Ô¡¡µÄµ£ÓÇÊÇ¡¡µÄ¼ÌÐø"²»Ò×Àí½â¡£
Worries
about...µÄǰÌáÊÇ'ÓÐÈ˵£ÓÇ¡¡'¡£ ÕâÀï²»·ÁÒë³É"¡¡ÁîÈ˵£ÓÇ"¡£Ö®ËùÒÔÓе£ÓÇ£¬ÊÇÒòΪÓÐÎÊÌ⣬ËùÒÔÔÚ"¡¡ÁîÈ˵£ÓÇ"Ö®ºó£¬²»·ÁÁíÆðÒ»¾ä£¬Ìí¼Ó"ËûÃǵÄÎÊÌâ"×÷ΪÖ÷Óï¡£
2.
tribal peoples: ÕâÀïµÄ
peopleÓ¦µ±°´'Ãñ×å'Àí½â£¬
tribal
people¼´"²¿ÂäÃñ×å"»ò"²¿×å"¡£
3.
what...a long time: ¼ÈÈ»ÖÐÎĵÄÖ÷ÓïÊÇ"ËûÃǵÄÎÊÌâ"£¬
what
has been going on for a long time¾Í¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"³¤ÆÚÀúÊ·ÎÊÌâ"¡£
4.
individual: ÓÉÓÚºóÃæµÄÖÐÐÄ´ÊÊǸ´Êý£¬ÕâÀïÈç¹ûÒë³É'¸ö±ðµÄ'»ò'µ¥¶ÀµÄ'£¬»áÆ«ÀëÔÎÄÒâ˼¡£²»ÈçÒë³É"Ò»¸ö¸ö"¡£
5.
think of: ÓÃÓÚ¾ÙÀýµÄ·ÇÕý¹æËµ·¨£¬¿ÉÒë³É"ÀýÈç¡¡"»ò"¡¡¾ÍÊÇÀýÖ¤"¡£
6.
under the Aztecs: ÔÚ°¢×ÈÌØ¿ËÈËͳÖÎÏ¡£°¢×ÈÌØ¿ËÈËÊÇÄ«Î÷¸çÓ¡µÚ°²È˵ÄÒ»Ö§£¬ÎÄ»¯¸ß¶È·¢´ï£¬Ô¼×Ô¹«Ôª1200ÄêÆðÔÚÄ«Î÷¸çÖв¿½¨Á¢µÛ¹ú£¬1521ÄêΪÎ÷°àÑÀÖ³ÃñÕßÕ÷·þ¡£
7.
pressures: ´ÓÉÏÏÂÎÄ¿´£¬ÕâÀï¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"ѹÆÈ"¡£
8.
modernity: ÕâÀïÒë³É³éÏóµÄ"ÏÖ´úÐÔ"»ò"ÏÖ´ú״̬"¶¼²»Ç¡µ±£¬×îºÃ»¹ÊÇÒë³É¾ßÌåµÄ"ÏÖ´úÉç»á"¡£
9.
look after: ÕÕ¿´£¬ÕÕÁÏ¡£´ÓÏÂÎĵÄ
protection¿´£¬ÕâÀï¿ÉÒÔÀí½âΪ"±£»¤"¡£
10.
relatively old: '[ŬÁ¦]Ï൱ÀÏ'ÌýÆðÀ´±ðŤ£¬¿ÉÒë³É:
"ÓÐÏ൱³¤µÄÀúÊ·"¡£
11.
Aborigines: ÍÁÖøÈË¡£ÓÐÈËÈÏΪÕâ¸ö´Ê´øÓбáÒ壬Ӧ¸ÃÒë³É"ÔסÃñ"¡£
12.
date back to: ×·Ëݵ½¡£ËµÒ»¸ö×é֯׷Ëݵ½Ä³Ò»Ê±ºò£¬Ò²¾ÍÊǸÃ×éÖ¯"£ÛÄÇʱ£ÝÒѾ³ÉÁ¢ÁË"¡£
13.
scale and speed: ÕâÀïµÄ'¹æÄ£ºÍËÙ¶È'ÊÇ˵"¹æÄ£´ó£¬ËÙ¶È¿ì"¡£
14.
expansion into: Ïò¡¡ÀïµÄÀ©ÕÅ¡£ÕâÀï¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"²Ïʳ"¡£
15.
survive: ÕâÀï"²Ð´æ"±È'´æ»î'»ò'ÐÒ´æ'¸ü׼ȷ¡£
16.
marginal to: '¶Ô¡¡ÊDZßÔµÐÔµÄ'Ò²¾ÍÊÇ"Ô¶Àë¡¡"¡£
17.
bad luck: ¶òÔË¡£
18.
pressure: ÕâÀïµÄÒâ˼ÏÔÈ»²»ÊÇ'ѹÆÈ'¶øÊÇ'ѹÁ¦'¡£
19.
the move away from: ÍÑÀë¡£Ò²¿ÉÒÔÀí½â³É'±÷Æú'¡£
20.
paternalistic: Ñϸ¸Ê½µÄ£¬¼Ò³¤Ê½µÄ¡£
21.
pressures: ÕâÀïÒë³É"ѹÆÈ"»ò"ѹÁ¦"ËÆºõ¶¼²»Ì«Ç¡µ±¡£Êµ¼ÊÇé¿öÊÇ£¬ÈÈ´øÓêÁÖÀïµÄһЩÔʼ²¿×åÃæ¶Ô"ÎÄÃ÷Éç»á"·¥Ä¾¡¢¿ª»ÄµÈ»î¶¯µÄ½ø±Æ£¬Íù´ÔÁÖÉî´¦½Ú½ÚºóÍË£¬´¦¾³Ô½À´Ô½Ôã¡£Òò´ËÕâÀïËÆ¿ÉÒë³É"±ÆÆÈ"¡£
22.
Amazonia: ÑÇÂíÑ·ºÓÁ÷Óò¡£
23.
Survival International: Ì×ÓÃ
Communist
International£¨¹²²ú¹ú¼Ê£©ºÍ
Amnesty International£¨´óÉâ¹ú¼Ê£©µÄÒë·¨£¬ÕâÀï¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"ÐÒ´æ¹ú¼Ê"¡£µ«²¢²»Ò»¶¨ËùÓÐÀàËÆ¸ñʽµÄÃû³Æ¶¼ÕâôÒ룬ÀýÈç
Hotel
Imperial¾Í²»ÒËÒë³É"Âùݵ۹ú"£¬¶øÓ¦ÊÇ"µÛ¹úÂùÝ"¡£
24.
there was a feeling: ÕâÀïµÄfeelingÖ¸'¿´·¨'£¬¿ÉÒÔÒë³É"µ±Ê±ÓÐÒ»ÖÖ¿´·¨"¡£
25.
in the first place: Ò»¿ªÊ¼£¬±¾À´¡£
26.
the weight: ÖØÈΣ¬Öص£¡£µ¥Ëµ"ÖØÈÎ"»ò"ÖØµ"ËÆºõÓÐЩͻأ£¬Ç°Ãæ²»·Á¼ÓÒ»¸öÐÞÊδÊ"ÀúÊ·µÄ"¡£
27.
power: ÕâÀïµÄÒâ˼Ӧµ±ÊÇ"ȨÁ¦"¡£
28.
chances ... slim: ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¼«Ð¡¡£
29.
pristine: ÔʼµÄ¡£
30.
in conjunction with: Óë¡¡ÐÁ¦£¯ºÏ×÷¡£
31.
individual: ÓÉÓÚÖ÷ÓïÊÇ
the
vast majority of...tribal peoples£¨²¿×åÖеľø´ó¶àÊý£©£¬ÕâÀï
individualµÄÒâ˼ÈÔÈ»²»ÊÇ'¸öÈ˵Ä'£¬¶øÊÇ"¸÷×ÔµÄ"¡£
32.
the Inuit: ÒÁŬÒÁÌØÈË¡£ÕâÊǸöÕþÖÎÉÏÕýÈ·µÄÃû³Æ£¬¹ýÈ¥ÈËÃǰÑÕâ¸öÃñ×å³ÆÎª
Eskimos£¨°®Ë¹»ùĦÈË£©£¬¿ÉÊǸÃÃñ×å×Ô³Æ
Inuit£¬²»Ô¸±»È˳ÆÎª
Eskimos¡£
33.
the Kayapo: ¿¨ÑDz¨ÈË¡£
34.
in a stronger position: ´¦ÓÚ¸üÇ¿µÄµØÎ»¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ"µØÎ»±È¹ýÈ¥ÎȹÌ"¡£
35.
political representation: ÕþÖδúÒé¡£ÕâÀïÖ¸"²ÎÕþȨ"¡£
36.
the sting in the tail: ÒâÏë²»µ½µÄ²»Á¼ºó¹û¡£´Ë´¦¿ÉÒëΪ"¶¾¹û"¡£
37.
associated...identity: ÕâÊǸöºóÖö¨ÓÓÉÓڱȽϳ¤£¬Ö±Òë³ÉÖÐÎ͍Óﲻ̫·½±ã¡£²»Èç°´ÕÕÔÎı¾ÉíµÄÂß¼ÓïÒå¹ØÏµ£¬°Ñ
giving...identityµ±×÷Ö÷ÓïÀ´Ò룬°Ñ
associated
withÒë³Éν´Ê'½á³ö'£¬°Ñ
the sting in the tailÒë³É±öÓï¡£
38.
fragmentation of peoples: Ãñ×å·Ö»¯¡£
39.
increase their funding prospects:
Ôö¼Ó²¦¿îµÄ¿ÉÄÜ¡£¼´"µÃµ½¸ü¶àµÄ²¦¿î"¡£
40.
Balkanization/;b0:lk2nai#zei12n/:
°Í¶û¸É»¯¡£Òâ˼ÊÇ·ÖÁѳÉÈô¸ÉµÐ¶ÔµÄСÃñ×å¡£