Information for the Examinees: This examination consists of THREE sections. They are: 　　　Section I: Discourse Manipulation (20 points, 30 minutes) 　　　Section II: Awareness of Course Content (50 points, 40 minutes) 　　　Section III: Reading Test (30 points, 50 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours (120 minutes) YOU MUST WRITE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET.

Section I 　 Discourse Manipulation　　　　　　　　　　 　　　[20 points]　

Part 1. Question 1. (10 points)
In the box below, five sentences of one paragraph have been put into random order. Reorganize these sentences to form a logically ordered paragraph. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Question 1.

Part 2. Question 2. (10 points)
The first sentence from each of the five paragraphs below has been taken out, and the paragraphs have been put into random order. First decide which first sentence goes with which paragraph. Then put the paragraphs into their logical order. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. The first one has been done for you.

A. ___________________________________________________________________
This is seen most clearly in sports that involve fighting or throwing things, or teams attacking each others' territories. It also explains why sports have traditionally been masculine affairs. And even though sport has become much more gender-equal in terms of facilities, it is still rare for there to be official competition between the sexes.

B. ___________________________________________________________________
The next most popular is probably going to the pub. However, this does not mean that the British are a nation of lazy drunkards. Perhaps to make up for those unhealthy habits, two-thirds of all adults play some kind of sport.

C. ___________________________________________________________________
Factories require their workers to be available at set times for work. They cannot work efficiently if half the work-force decides to go hunting for a couple of days. And so, in the 19th century in Britain, sports were codified in order to make them more regular and time-efficient so that the workers could get back to work on time.

D. ___________________________________________________________________
This important process first started in Britain, and it is for that reason that Britain was the first country to organize sports along industrial lines. We can conclude that Britain did not invent the sports that the rest of the world now plays, but she was the first to organize them properly, and this is the legacy she has bequeathed to the world.

E. ___________________________________________________________________
Agrarian communities typically play sports when the farming season is least busy. After harvest is such a time, for example, and in Britain it is easy to divide sports into Summer and Winter sports.

First sentences:
1. Britain was at the forefront of this codification because of the Industrial Revolution.
2. A third major influence on the shape of modern sports has been pressure from industry.
3. The origins of most sports can easily be traced to the demands of warfare.
4. The most popular pastime in Britain is the same as anywhere else: watching television.
5. Another influence on sport has been the seasonal requirements of agriculture.

Question 2.

Section II 　Awareness of Course Content　　　　　　　　　　　[50 points]　

Part 1. Questions 3-12. (20 points)
Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to your understanding of the tutorial texts. Write T for "true" and F for "false" on the Answer Sheet.

_____3. The other mother-tongue languages in Britain are all dialects of English.
_____4. Wales has replaced its traditional industries with the help of foreign investment.
_____5. The Protestants were in Ireland before the Catholics.
_____6. The tripartite system refers to the three types of secondary education made available by the 1944 Education Act.
_____7. China has 50% more students in higher education than the UK.
_____8. Elizabeth I was the Queen of Britain but Elizabeth II is the Queen of England.
_____9. Britain has never done particularly well in the Olympic Games.
_____10. The only mountains in Britain are in Wales and Scotland.
_____11. England has more than four-fifths of the total population.
_____12. The amusing thing about Arthur is that he wasn't English.

Part 2. Questions 13-22. (20 points)
Fill in each blank in the following passage with one word given in the box. Use capitals where necessary. More words are provided than you need. Write corresponding letters on the Answer Sheet.

The post-war __________(13) to Britain were looking for opportunities for work and __________(14). Many of them came from the __________(15) sub-continent. Pakistanis often bought little corner-shops as ___________(16) businesses, which explains 'paki-shop' as a new term for 'corner-shop', although this is a politically ___________(17) term.

___________(18) were opened up by Chinese and Indian immigrants. They were ___________(19) by many other nationalities, so that today Britain can ___________(20) boast the most varied __________(21) in the world. The normal choice for people eating out in Britain is "Indian or Chinese?"

Many Indians settled in the Midlands, and the characters of some towns and cities have changed noticeably. We can say that Britain has become much more ___________(22).

Part 3. Questions 23-27. (10 points)
Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D to complete each sentence below. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

23. The major argument against retaining the monarchy in Britain is that __________.
A. the Queen is too rich
B. the royal family costs too much
C. a monarchy is undemocratic
D. a President would be cheaper

24. Parliament does NOT have to vote on the __________.
A. passing of a law about murder
B. increase of a tax on cigarettes
C. budget for the Armed Forces
D. signing of an accord with France

25. The Lords have the power to __________.
A. prevent a bill from being passed
B. delay a bill for one year
C. change a bill completely
D. enact bills of their own

26. The historical reason that India and Pakistan play cricket is because __________.
A. they have always enjoyed beating the English
B. their colonizers were English public schoolboys
C. cricket develops the character as well as the body
D. it is largely a summer sport and their weather is good

27. The purpose of tossing the caber is to __________.
A. throw it as far as possible over a special line
B. throw it as high as possible over a straight bar
C. turn it over on its top end and in a straight line
D. spin it backwards over a special mark in the field

Section III 　Reading Test 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　[30 points]　　　　

Part 1. Questions 28-32 are based on Passage 1. (10 points)

Passage 1

British Media

We know that from the time they wake up to the time they go to bed, the average British man and woman will have spent at least 6 hours in direct contact with the main media. By this I mean radio, television, and one or other of the newspapers. As well as these, there will have been billboard advertisements, sales promotions in shops, and possibly a film or a play in the theatre. The media surround us in our everyday lives, and there is almost no escaping them. They are so important that you can now even study them at university.

In Britain the most important of them - television - is largely shared between the BBC and ITV. The former is a public corporation, while the latter is a collection of commercial institutions. Both provide minority interest channels (BBC2 and Channel 4) as well as the more popular mainstream channels (BBC1 and ITV). The money that supports these two TV systems is derived from a license fee in the case of the BBC, and advertising revenue for ITV. Radio is similarly divided between the BBC and commercial radio companies.

This difference in revenue source brings with it an obvious difference in style and format. The BBC does not have to have advertisements, and can therefore provide radio and TV programmes that are uninterrupted by commercial breaks. The commercial companies, on the other hand, are obliged to have regular breaks for advertisements or 'commercials' as they are often called. This allows the BBC to look more serious, though some people complain that without a commercial break there is never time to go and put the kettle on for a cup of tea.

Most people get their political information from the newspapers or news reports on radio and TV. Because of this, the political parties spend millions of pounds on the media during elections. They also employ 'spin doctors' to promote their policies through the media. As a result, much political debate now takes place in the media rather than in Parliament. This leads to the criticism that the media are taking the place of Parliament.

This criticism was voiced all the more when the House of Commons began to be televised from 1990. At first MPs were worried about it, thinking that television might make them look foolish, but they are more relaxed about it now. Many MPs try to improve their TV image, including Margaret Thatcher and the present Prime Minister, Tony Blair. One politician who suffered because he could not do this was Neil Kinnock. He was unable to 'look good on television', and possibly even lost an election because of it.

Questions 28-32: Choose the best ending from A, B, C and D for each statement that follows. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

28. On average, people are in contact with the main media for at least __________.
A. a quarter of their lives
B. a sixth of each day
C. half their waking hours
D. most of the year

29. Independent Television is a __________.
A. corporation set up to serve the public
B. number of different business companies
C. popular middle-of-the-road programme
D. commercial licensing agency

30. Differences between the BBC and ITV result from their different __________.
A. style of programmes
B. income systems
C. company structure
D. advertising styles

31. Although many people think it is an advantage, some people criticize the ________.
A. uninterrupted programmes of the BBC
B. serious look of the BBC
C. interruptions caused by ITV commercials
D. different style of the ITV programmes

32. Political parties invest a lot of money in media promotion because __________.
A. they have spin doctors who can influence the media
B. they can debate their policies on the radio and TV
C. media reports provide most people's political information
D. radio and television can take the place of Parliament

Part 2. Questions 33-37 are based on Passage 2. (10 points)

Passage 2

Literature and History

Literacy and literature 

Literacy is not, of course, a pre-requisite of literature. The word ‘literature’ in its broadest sense probably pre-dates the invention of writing by thousands of years. There are tribes in the jungles of South America today who have no written form of their language – and yet they have a ‘literature’, collections of songs, poems, stories, jokes, sayings, that record and pass on to younger generations the knowledge and wisdom of the ancestors. We call this an ‘oral literature’. If we look at some of the earliest books – the Old Testament part of the Bible, for example – we see stories that were undoubtedly told in the days before writing, in this case the history of the tribes of Israel and their wanderings and their genealogies. The stories were finally set down in writing, but they pre-date it.

Anglo-Saxon beginnings        

Something similar is probably true of one of the first traditional examples of British (or, more correctly, English) literature – the epic poem Beowulf. It is only an ‘English’ poem linguistically, and even then only in the sense that it is an example of Old English – more properly Anglo-Saxon – that was brought over with the waves of German and Scandinavian peoples who settled in Britain from the 4^th century onwards. The versions that we have of Beowulf date from 1000 AD, but there are fragments from the 8^th century and it deals with the story of a 6^th century Swedish warrior. It is certain that the story was originally transmitted orally – sung or declaimed by professional story-tellers who had memorised it – since in those days only the Church and its priests would be literate. Other literary texts from this period that are still studied by young people following a degree in English Literature are the translations into the vernacular of the writings of the Venerable Bede, an 8^th century monk who wrote an Ecclesiastical History of the English People in Latin. These translations were ordered by the far-sighted King Alfred during his long reign (871 – 899) and he also ordered the keeping of what are now known as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles a historical diary, year by year, of events in the realm.

Chaucer and the beginning of Modern English

The last of the Viking invasions was by the Normans – Vikings who had forsaken their own language and adopted French after a couple of centuries in the north of France. The consequence of this francophone takeover was that for the next 400 years (a period usually called the Middle Ages) most literature in England was written in French, or in Latin, which was the scholastic and diplomatic language of Europe. There was still some literature in the vernacular, however, and by the end of the 14^th century this had developed to the extent that one writer is normally used to mark the beginning of a more recognisably English literature – Geoffrey Chaucer.

Questions 33-37: Give short answers to the following questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

33. What can you have a literature without?
34. What is the unexpected thing about the first "English" hero?
35. How do we know that Beowulf was originally part of oral literature?
36. Why was Bede's Ecclesiastical History translated?
37. What does the phrase francophone takeover refer to?

Part 3. Questions 38-47 are based on Passage 3. (10 points)

Passage 3

Empire and Decline

The World's Largest Empire
Towards the end of the 19th century the British economy was the dominant economy in the world. The British Empire "on which the sun never sets" covered one quarter of the globe, and British merchant ships, together with the fleets of the Royal Navy, outnumbered all other shipping on the seas. A half of all the world's coal and steel was dug from its soil, a half of all cotton was spun on its giant looms, and one manufactured item in three was fashioned in its workshops and factories. The small group of islands off the northwest coast of Europe appeared to have taken over the world.

The Industrial Revolution
Broad reasons for such dominance are easy to find. The Industrial Revolution had occurred first in Britain, which was rich in the raw materials of industry, coal and iron ore, and whose population benefited from a well-watered, fertile land. The political and social conditions were stable, since the nation was protected by its island status, and this same geography encouraged a nation of seafarers and travellers. A culture that built ships and sent its men around the world for trade (or piracy) would naturally inspire the enterprise and invention necessary for the creation of new methods of agriculture and production.

Empire as a result of the Industrial Revolution
Once under way, the Industrial Revolution created its own needs. Mass-produced goods needed to be sold, and so markets had to be opened up and raw material sources protected. This required more ships both to carry the goods and to protect them from attack by jealous rivals. International diplomacy aimed at assuring the markets, and this would frequently mean colonising the regions that formed the markets. The material superiority of such colonisers would easily persuade them that they had the right to impose themselves upon supposedly 'inferior' peoples.

The contrast with today
If we jump just over a hundred years to the beginning of the 21st century, we see a very changed world. Now, the dominant economy by far is that of the United States of America, followed by Japan and Germany. The UK vies with France and Italy for the position of the world's fourth/fifth/sixth largest economy, but by many other methods of calculation it falls behind. In terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in 1998 it was number eleven, in GDP growth it was number thirteen, and in industrial output growth it was number sixteen. In other words, it is still a large economy but it is not as efficient and is not growing as quickly as other countries, and has long ago been overtaken in size by several of them.

Questions 38-47: Give complete sentence answers to the following questions and join them in the ways suggested in the brackets. Write your answers out as two paragraphs on the Answer Sheet.

First paragraph:

38.  In the late 1800s, what did Britain’s economy dominate? (join with next answer, using ‘and’)
39.  ....what did her ships control?
40.  What revolution did this superiority begin with? (join with next answer, using ‘which’)
41.  ...where did it first develop? (join with next answer using ‘because)
42.  ...were the conditions favourable, or not?

Second paragraph:

43.  Did the need to sell goods lead to the development of a large army, or a large navy?(join with the next answer, using ‘which in turn...’)
44.  ...what did this give Britain the power to do to other countries?
45.  Are things the same today, or different? (start with ‘However, ....’ and join with next answer, using ‘and although..’)
46.  ...does Britain still have a large economy or a small economy? (join with next answer, using a comma)
47.  ...has it been overtaken by one other country or several other countries?

高级英语文学文化模块
“英语国家国情与文化(1)”课程终结考试
答题卷（样题）

Question 1.

13. ___________________
14. ___________________
15. ___________________
16. ___________________
17. ___________________
18. ___________________
19. ___________________
20. ___________________
21. ___________________
22. ___________________

Part 3. Questions 23 - 27 (10 points)

Section III 　Reading Test　　　　　　　　　　　　　[30 points]　　　　　　

Part 1. Questions 28 - 32 (10 points)

First paragraph

Second paragraph

高级英语文学文化模块
“英语国家国情与文化(1)”课程终结考试
参考答案（样题）
课程编号：ENBACE1011

Section I 　 Discourse Manipulation　　　　　　　　　　[20 points]　　　　　

Part 1. Question 1. (10 points, 2 points for each correct placing or sequence)
Question 1.

Part 2. Question 2. (10 points, 1.5 points for each correct combination, 1 point for each of the following sequencing: 2nd-3rd, 3rd-4th, 4th-5th, 2-3-4-5)
Question 2.

Section II 　Awareness of Course Content　　　　　　　　　　[50 points]

Part 1. Questions 3-12. (20 points, 2 points each)

Part 2. Questions 13-22. (20 points, 2 points each)
13. immigrants
14. education
15. Indian
16. family
17. incorrect
18. Restaurants
19. followed
20. probably
21. cuisine
22. multicultural

Part 3. Questions 23-27. (10 points, 2 points each)

Section III 　Reading Test　　　　　　　　　　　　　[30 points]　　　　　　

Part 1. Questions 28-32. (10 points, 2 points each)

First paragraph

Second paragraph